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As the human brain evolved, humans were able to laugh before they could speak, according to a new study.
一項(xiàng)最新的研究結(jié)果顯示，由于大腦的進(jìn)化，人類在能夠說話之前就已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)笑了。
But here's the punch line: Laughter and joy are not unique to humans, the study says. Ancestral forms of play and laughter existed in other animals long before humans began cracking up.
研究結(jié)果同時(shí)表明，笑和喜悅并不只是人類所特有的，早在人類會(huì)笑之前，其它一些動(dòng)物就已經(jīng)擁有原始形態(tài)的笑聲了。
"Human laughter has robust roots in our animalian past," said Jaak Panksepp, a professor of psychobiology at Bowling Green State University in Ohio.
美國俄亥俄州保令·格林州立大學(xué)( Bowling Green State University)的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家杰克·潘克塞普表示：“人類笑的歷史深深植根于我們的動(dòng)物史。”
Panksepp has studied rats and found that when they "play," they often chirp--a primitive form of laughter, according to the scientist. And he makes the argument that animal laughter is the basis for human joy.
潘克塞普曾對(duì)老鼠進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究，他發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)老鼠“玩耍”的時(shí)候，他們經(jīng)常發(fā)出一種唧唧喳喳很尖的聲音，而這則是笑的一種原始形態(tài)。潘克塞普在文章中提出的論點(diǎn)是，動(dòng)物的笑是人類快樂的基礎(chǔ)。
In studying laughter, scientists have focused mostly on related issues--humor, personality, health benefits, social theory--rather than laughter itself.
在以前的研究中，科學(xué)家們?cè)压ぷ鞯闹匦拇蟛糠旨性诤托ο嚓P(guān)問題上，如幽默感、個(gè)性、以及健康的好處等，而非笑本身。
New research, however, shows that "circuits" for laughter exist in very ancient regions of the human brain. As humans have incorporated language into play, we may have developed new connections to joyous parts of our brains that evolved before the cerebral cortex, the outer layer associated with thought and memory.
而最新的研究結(jié)果則顯示，笑的“循環(huán)線路”存在于人類大腦非常古老的區(qū)域中。當(dāng)人類把語言與玩耍結(jié)合在了一起時(shí)，我們或許已經(jīng)和大腦的快樂部分建立了新的關(guān)系，這個(gè)部分的進(jìn)化要早于和人們思考及記憶密切相關(guān)的大腦皮層的進(jìn)化。
Researchers say that the capacity to laugh emerges early in child development, as anyone who has tickled a baby knows.
對(duì)此，研究人員表示，笑的能力在孩子發(fā)育階段早早地就顯現(xiàn)出來，這一點(diǎn)是任何一個(gè)曾經(jīng)胳肢過小嬰兒的人都知道的。
There is ample evidence that many other mammals make play sounds, including tickle-induced panting, which resembles human laughter. Indeed, animals are capable of many emotional feelings, just like humans, some scientists say.
有很多證據(jù)可以表明，其他一些哺乳動(dòng)物也可以發(fā)出類似笑的聲音，其中包括很類似于人類笑聲的由撓癢癢引起的喘息聲。一些科學(xué)家說，事實(shí)上，動(dòng)物和人類一樣是具有多種情感和情緒的。
"The recognition by neuroscientists that the brain mechanisms underlying pain, pleasure, fear, and lust are the same in humans and other mammals underscores our similarity to other species and is extremely important," said Tecumseh Fitch, a psychology lecturer at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland.
蘇格蘭圣·安德魯斯大學(xué)的心理學(xué)講師菲奇表示：“神經(jīng)科學(xué)家公認(rèn)的，人類和其它哺乳動(dòng)物間支撐痛苦、壓力、恐懼及性的大腦機(jī)制都是相同的這一理論強(qiáng)調(diào)了人類與其它物種的相似之處，而這一點(diǎn)是非常重要的。”
In a 2003 study Panksepp and Bowling Green State University neurobiologist Jeff Burgdorf demonstrated that if rats are tickled in a playful way, they readily chirp. Rats that were tickled bonded with the researchers and became rapidly conditioned to seek tickles. Understanding the chirping of the rats may help scientists better understand human laughter.
早在2003年的一項(xiàng)研究中，潘克塞普和保令·格林州立大學(xué)的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家杰夫·伯格多弗就曾證明，如果人們以一種十分有趣的方式胳肢老鼠，它們就會(huì)發(fā)出一種唧喳的聲音。而弄清老鼠的這種叫聲，則可能會(huì)幫助科學(xué)家們更好地了解人類笑的歷史。
Robert Provine, a psychology professor at the University of Maryland in Baltimore, agrees there is an evolutionary continuity of laughter. Its origin is in tickling and rough-and-tumble play, he says.
美國馬里蘭大學(xué)的心理學(xué)教授羅伯特·布魯文贊同笑也具有進(jìn)化連續(xù)性的這一說法。他說，笑的起源來自于撓癢癢以及雜亂無章的游戲。
Provine and other scientists have studied chimpanzees and found a link between their laughter-like noises and human laughter. "Laughter is literally the sound of play, with the primal 'pant-pant'--the labored breathing of physical play--becoming the human 'ha-ha,'" Provine said.
布魯文教授和其他一些科學(xué)家還對(duì)黑猩猩進(jìn)行了相關(guān)的研究，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)黑猩猩的笑(聲音類似于噪音)與人類的笑存在著某種聯(lián)系。他說：“確切地講，笑是一種游戲的聲音，從最初的‘喘氣的呼呼聲’(吃力的呼吸聲)發(fā)展到人類的‘哈哈’笑的聲音。”
By studying the transition between the panting of chimps and the human ha-ha, scientists discovered that breath control is the key to the emergence of both human laughter and speech.
通過研究從大猩猩喘氣的呼呼聲到人類“哈哈”的笑聲兩者之間的轉(zhuǎn)化，科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，呼吸控制是人類語音和笑聲出現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵所在。
